The studies conducted into Trade and Environment have not provided a definite answer to the effect of free trade on Environment, as some studies imply a positive effect of free trade on environment, whereas the others imply a negative effect. The Purpose of the present paper is studying the relationship between Trade and Environment in the selected countries of the world. Hence, this study, based on the theoretical principles, analyzes the validity of “Pollution Haven” and “FACTOR ENDOWMENTS” hypotheses by using the panel data for 77 countries from 1995 to 2013. The study of the “Pollution Haven” HYPOTHESIS implies countries with relatively weak environmental policies, as many of them have low per capita income, have an advantage in production of polluting industries. Based on the “FACTOR ENDOWMENTS” HYPOTHESIS can be declared that the environmental policies have little (or no) effect on the trade paradigm; while FACTORs such as the differences between FACTORs of production or trade technology, are the main determinant of relative advantage. Results show that the “Pollution Haven” and “FACTOR ENDOWMENTS” hypotheses cannot be accepted, and the Pollution emissions depend on other FACTORs.

Purpose: Understanding dynamics of the socio-economic system of endowment (Waqf), especially in the Qajar era of Iran, with the semiotics of the deeds of endowment. With its religious, social and economic themes in the arid land of Iran in gerneral and Kerman province in particular, such deeds demonstrate the importance of the social status of women Method and Research Design: The present study was conducted with an anthropological method focusing on the historical approach and the method of cultural semiotics using observation techniques in the Kerman's ENDOWMENTS Office. In addition, 168 deeds of endowment belonging to women with water resources and 11 items of the supplement records were examined. Theoritical sampling and Giddens’ meta-theory in the in the concept of agency and its integration with Hewson and Moren theory were adopted in the present project. Findings and Conclusions: Women's access to water resources was an opportunity for women's agency multiple levelsand and it is based on foundations of agency.

There is a disagreement on the management of specific ENDOWMENTS without a trustee. Some jurists, recognizing the ownership right for the beneficiaries, believe that the management of the endowment is an integral part of it and exclusive management of the endowment are with the beneficiaries. But most jurists in the last two centuries consider the rights of future beneficiaries as standard. They consider the administration of affairs that is related to all the beneficiaries, as the ruler’ s authority. In the Iranian law, in the beginning, the first opinion was chosen. But later on, the second view came to the fore. However, the practical procedure of the Organization of the ENDOWMENTS and the judicial process of the courts accept the first view and it has continued until now. Whereas, the second opinion and its basis are accepted in the new legislations. Therefore, it is necessary to change the practical and judicial procedure.

Sheikh Ansari is the first jurist to divide the endowment into profit and for-profit, and this division has been involved in the discussion of the license for the sale of ENDOWMENTS, and has considered the sale of for-profit ENDOWMENTS absolutely forbidden. He did not allow it when the benefit was suspended. This view is famous among jurists, especially the later ones. But in the case of a usufruct endowment, the sale of the endowment must be permitted on the condition that it be for the benefit of the endowment against the interests of the endowment; Because the confinement of the object in the endowment and the prohibition of its sale is a subordinate purpose of the endowment and is in fact a prelude to the benefit of the endowment against the same endowment and the main purpose of the endowment is to abandon the benefits in favor of the endowment against each other. With an endowment, it is not possible, and the sale of the endowment and its conversion is a benefit, it must be said that the requirement of the secondary rule is the permission to sell the endowment. Some narrations also indicate the permission to sell the endowment if it is for profit. Whenever beneFACTOR has allowed the sale of the endowment on the premise that it is for profit, the sale of the endowment will be allowed without any problems based on the beneFACTOR condition.

One of the important goals of all organizations is to try to improve their performance. In this regard, they try to evaluate their organization based on criteria that are common or specific and to measure and compare their performance with other organizations and rivals in order to be able to achieve organizational goals. Considering the importance of the endowment institution in pursuit of economic and social goals, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the efficiency of ENDOWMENTS in Zahedan. In this study, the DEA method is used in the CC method, which is the leading evaluation of performance in various fields for manufacturing and service units. In the findings, it was observed that some of the rivals are more efficient than other competing ones. Out of 110 tested rods, the No. 34 Taleghani mosque, 72, 73 and 76 mosques belonging to the Al-Rasool mosque and the 92 and 94 mosques of Sajjadiyeh mosque in this collection have a 100% efficiency. Other rivals are inefficient.